Technology Transfer Department

Application sectors

Problem to solve

"Lead-cooled fourth-generation reactors represent a crucial solution for the decarbonization of the energy sector. Thanks to their ability to generate electricity and heat without greenhouse gas emissions, they offer a concrete and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, significantly contributing to the reduction of the global carbon footprint. These reactors also enhance operational safety: lead is chemically stable, does not react with water, and allows for passive heat management, reducing the risk of accidents. They further address the challenge of nuclear waste management by enabling the recycling of spent fuel and the transmutation of actinides, thus reducing the volume and long-term hazard of radioactive waste. The fast neutron spectrum, made possible by lead's low moderation properties, supports a closed fuel cycle, promoting a clean, sustainable, stable, and fossil fuel-independent energy future."

Description

Heavy metal technologies (primarily lead and lead-bismuth) encompass solutions that use these molten metals as coolant, along with all associated support and integration systems. These include various components of lead-cooled nuclear fission reactor plants, such as pumps, heat exchangers, and chemical control systems. Lead-cooled fast reactors (LFRs) are among the most promising technologies for meeting the requirements of Generation IV reactors and are under global study. Below are their main features: Sustainability: Thanks to the low neutron absorption cross-section and reduced moderating power, it is possible to design a fast neutron spectrum reactor with geometries featuring high coolant-to-fuel ratios and assemblies with high pitch-to-diameter ratios. This enables efficient neutron utilization, reduced demand for new uranium extraction, and reduced radioactive waste through a closed fuel cycle. Safety and reliability: The high melting point and low vapor pressure of the coolant allow low-pressure and low-temperature operations in the primary circuit. The thermophysical properties enable designs with low pressure drops and reduced pumping power requirements. This ensures the ability to remove residual heat via natural circulation, reducing the need for active safety systems. The high density of the coolant prevents risks of fuel compaction and steam ingress into the core in case of steam generator failure. Additionally, in the event of primary circuit leaks, lead solidifies quickly, preventing significant chemical reactions and protecting surrounding structures. Proliferation resistance and physical protection: The use of MOX fuel, rich in actinides, makes these systems unattractive for producing materials for nuclear weapons. Furthermore, the coolant's properties allow for long-lived cores unsuitable for plutonium production for military purposes. Economy: Simplified designs reduce construction, operation, and maintenance costs, offering competitively priced

Research group involved